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عمومی::
اندیشه مشارکتی(بررسی مشارکتی)
The chapter opens by expanding on the normative aims of deliberative democracy understood specifically in terms of participatory deliberation.
THE IDEAL AIMS OF PARTICIPATORY DELIBERATION
This can be visualized as a Venn diagram comprising two circles - one representing characteristics of deliberative democracy and the other representing characteristics of participatory democracy - with the intersection of the two sets representing participatory deliberation.4 The intersection thus includes deliberative democracy that is participatory and that involves small-scale as well as large-scale forums and systems.
The origins of participatory deliberation can be traced back to ancient Athens (see Johnson, 2015, pp. 3-23), where the developing of policy options and making of policy decisions happened in the ecclesia, or popular assembly.
Despite the diversity in the theoretical literature, there are identifiable criteria for participatory deliberation (Johnson, 2009, 2011, 2015).
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